Spatial Heterogeneity of Users in Wireless Cellular Networks Based on Open Urban Maps

Wireless cellular network planning benefits from accurate and realistic, yet relatively simple and manageable, spatial traffic models. User locations in cellular networks are often modeled as homogeneous (uniform) Poisson point processes (PPPs). However, the real user distributions are seldom purely homogeneous. Network users are usually concentrated at social attractors such as residential and office buildings, shopping malls, and bus stations. Wireless spectral efficiency depends significantly on the users’ spatial heterogeneity, and thus relevant spatial traffic generators and models are important. In future (5G) networks, for which device-to-device (D2D), millimeterwave (mmWave), and small-cell deployments in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), are promising technologies, it will become more important to have spatial traffic models which can represent the broad possibilities from completely homogeneous cases (e.g., a deterministic lattice) to extremely heterogeneous cases (e.g., highly clustered scenarios). In this paper, we use maps of Paris, France, obtained from OpenStreetMaps, to study the spatial traffic heterogeneity of outdoor users in the denser areas of the city center. Specifically, we investigate a second-order statistic, the Coefficient of Variation (CoV), of two spatial metrics: the Voronoi cell area and the Delaunay cell edge length. The expected value of the CoV of these metrics allows us to study how the heterogeneity increases with the density of users. Moreover, we find that the statistical distribution of both metrics is close to Weibull. The results illustrate that the topology of the buildings in the city imposes a significant degree of heterogeneity on the spatial distribution of the wireless traffic.